Celebrating Birthdays
“Most people cherish the day on which they were born and make a party on that day.”[1]
Judaism teaches that a birthday is not just another ordinary day. The Torah even offers some insights and tips on how a birthday is to be observed.[2] Everyone should be sure to know the date of his or her Hebrew birthday. One is encouraged to send one's friends a greeting card on the occasion of their birthday.[3] Oddly enough, the only time that we find a birthday party mentioned anywhere in Tanach is in relation to the wicked Pharaoh,[4] though historically Jewish kings would celebrate their birthdays, as well.[5]
The Jewish nation as a whole celebrates its birthday every year – Pesach! This holiday of liberation and redemption has often been referred to as the birthday of the Jewish nation. Indeed, no less a personality than the prophet Ezekiel recommends that we observe Pesach as a national birthday party.[6] Rashi even suggests that we should imagine that we are newborn babies every year at Pesach.[7] Pesach is also the birthday of Yitzchak Avinu.[8] In fact, the inauguration of the Mishkan was delayed from it's completion in Kislev, until Nissan, in order that the inauguration serve as both a dedication of the Mishkan as well as a celebration in honor of the birthday of Yitzchak Avinu.[9] Similarly, Shavuot serves somewhat as a birthday celebration for King David, as well.[10] It is interesting to note that the date on which the world was created actually remains unresolved, and hence, we don’t truly know when to celebrate its birthday.[11]
While a birthday party should include delicious birthday cake, one might want to consider avoiding the practice of lighting candles on the cake, as it's actually an evil pagan custom, according to Philochorus, the Greek historian. It was even believed that birthday candles have the power to make dreams come true, hence the custom of making a wish before blowing out the candles.[12] It is also worth noting that blowing out candles at any time is to be discouraged, due to the close symbolic connection between a candle and a soul.[13] It is also taught that there is an angel whose name is the same as the sound produced when a person exhales or blows with force. As it is deemed improper to use the names of holy angels for no reason, it is preferable to put out candles by hand rather than to "use" the name of an angel to do so.
The day a person was born offers that individual the mystical benefits and powers of what is known in Kabbala as “ascending fortune” each year on that day. In fact, when attacking the Jewish people, the evil Amalekites only sent soldiers who were celebrating their birthday to the front lines in confidence that the merit of their birthday would make them victorious and protect them from harm.[14] Similarly, to Haman's dismay, it was the merit of Moshe Rabbeinu's birthday that the Jewish people were saved from Haman's evil plot.[15] It is therefore considered especially worthwhile to seek a blessing from one celebrating their Hebrew birthday. Such blessings are said to have a better chance of being fulfilled.
It is appropriate on one’s birthday to focus on one’s individuality and to reflect on one’s personal interpretation of the Talmudic teaching that “the world was created for me.”[16] It is also appropriate to hold a celebratory meal on one's birthday.[17] When one says Divrei Torah at such a meal, it turns the entire experience into a Seudat Mitzva.[18] We are told that even the angels celebrate the birthdays of tzaddikim and consider the day to be a Yom Tov.[19] One should wish a person "mazel tov" on his birthday.[20]
The acceptance of good resolutions in honor of one’s birthday contributes to the Jewish nation as a whole, and helps bring Mashiach closer. In fact, the power of change in one's behavior on one’s birthday has the potential of bringing the redemption on that very day.[21] It goes without saying that the 12th birthday for girls and the 13th birthday for boys have special significance. The Zohar teaches that from the perspective of joy and celebration, the day of one's bar mitzva is comparable to the day of one’s wedding and should be celebrated in a similar manner.[22]
Just as the birthday of our people is celebrated each year with rites and rituals, so too, the birthday of every individual Jew should be observed accordingly. In recent years, rabbinical authorities, most notably the late Lubavitcher Rebbe,[23] have compiled a number of customs to be observed in honor of one’s birthday, which include to endeavor to be called to the Torah on the Shabbat before one’s birthday (when the birthday occurs on a day that the Torah is read, one should be called to the Torah on that day, too), to dispense extra charity on one's birthday, and to throw a party with one's family and friends. Any mitzvot that one performs one's birthday, especially the giving of charity, will have a greater impact both in terms of the value of the mitzva as well as its effects on one's character development.[24] Some authorities suggest making a siyum in honor of the occasion.[25]
Additionally, in the spirit of the day, it is commendable to pray with greater intensity and concentration (especially with the recitation of Tehillim), to accept upon oneself some new act of piety or Torah observance, and to make resolutions for the coming year. On one's birthday one should study the chapter of Tehillim that corresponds to one's age, along with the traditional commentaries. For example, one who is 30 years old should study Chapter 31 of Tehillim. It is even suggested that one recite this corresponding chapter of Tehillim every single day.[26] It might just be that one's 60th birthday celebration should be the most joyous.[27] Other sources, however, seem to suggest that it is the 50th birthday that is especially significant,[28] while other authorities list the 70th,[29] and 80th birthdays as the most significant.[30]
The Chatam Sofer would make a siyum every year on his birthday and distribute a form of loot bag to all those who attended![31] When Rabbi Natan Adler's mother turned 80 the family made a birthday party and invited the entire city.[32] The Chafetz Chaim made a special birthday party when he turned ninety and said that he merited living so long as a reward for having written his sefer on the laws of lashon hara, forbidden speech[33] Rabbi Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld encouraged people to observe and celebrate their birthday.[34]
It is interesting to note that there exists a view that a birthday is actually no cause for celebration at all.[35] This idea is based on the famous Talmudic dispute which concludes that it would actually have been better if man had not been created.[36] It is also noted that the fact that the only scriptural mention of birthdays is in relation to the wicked Pharaoh might be reason to suggest some hesitation in celebrating them.[37] Other authorities consider celebrating birthdays an outright gentile custom.[38] There is also a view that one should consider making the anniversary of one's bris the occasion for an annual celebration rather than one's birthday (a brisday party?).[39]
Nevertheless, common custom is not like these views. A Jewish birthday is indeed to be considered a very special day.[40] As we have seen, there have been many great sages throughout history who celebrated their birthdays in different ways.[41] It is certainly not a day to be wasted, but rather a day to be maximized with Torah study and mitzvot. We must also be sure to thank God for our milestone, which some do by reciting the blessing of shehecheyanu in conjunction with new clothing, or the like.[42] The Talmud even notes the birthdays of our forefathers which conveys to us the importance of marking a birthday.[43]
[1] Midrash Sechel Tov, Bereishit 40:20.
[2] Bereishit 40:20.
[3] Iggeret Tiferet Yisrael 6; Sefer Mayim Hahalacha; Mayan Journal Tammuz 5731.
[4] Bereishit 40:20. See also Avoda Zara 10a.
[5] Hoshea 7:5, Metzudat David. Cited in "Yom Huledet L'or Hamekorot" by Rabbi Efraim Weinberger.
[6] Based on Yechezkel 16:4.
[7] Ibid.
[8] Bereishit Rabba 48:12; Shemot Rabba 15:11. See also Tofsot, Rosh Hashana 10b.
[9] Pesikta 6; Midrash Rabba, Pekudei 52:2. Cited in "Yom Huledet L'or Hamekorot" by Rabbi Efraim Weinberger
[10] OC 490:9; Shaarei Teshuva 494:7.
[11] Rosh Hashana 10b.
[12] Cited in Rabbi Avrohom Blumenkrantz, The Laws of Pesach, 2001.
[13] Mishlei 20:27. See also Rivevot Ephraim 4:54:35, 5:468:3; Kaf Hachaim, YD 116:115; Salmat Chaim 2:8; Kol Bo 118.
[14] Yerushalmi, Rosh Hashana 3:8, cited in: http://www.bknw.org/pafiledb/uploads/Birthdays.pdf.
[15] Megilla 13b, Rashi.
[16] Sanhedrin 37a.
[17] Ben Ish Chai, Re’eh 17.
[18] Pitchei Teshuva, YD 217:16; Be’er Sheva 72; Kaf Hachaim, OC 223:29 , 568:25; Yabia Omer, OC 6:29.
[19] Sefer Hasichot 5703, p. 90 and p. 186.
[20] Hegyonei Haparasha, Veyeishev.
[21] Based on Tehillim 95:7..
[22] Zohar Chadash, Bereishit.
[23] Sefer Haminhagim (Chabad) Birthdays.
[24] Rabbi Chaim Palagi, cited in: http://www.bknw.org/pafiledb/uploads/Birthdays.pdf.
[25] Ketav Sofer, YD 148; Minhag Yisrael Torah, OC 225.
[26] Igrot Kodesh Vol. 3, p. 451.
[27] Moed Katan 28a; Kaf Hachaim, OC 223:29.
[28] Ketav Sofer, YD 148.
[29] Chavot Yair 70.
[30] Beit Yisrael #32, cited in: http://dafyomi.co.il/mkatan/insites/mo-dt-028.htm.
[31] Minhagei Chatam Sofer 7:14.
[32] Igrot Sofrim Vol I. p.83
[33] Chafetz Chaim U'poalo p.25.
[34] Hanhagot U'psakim p. 218
[35] Arugot Habosem 215; Sefer Divrei Torah 5:88, cited in http://www.bknw.org/pafiledb/uploads/Birthdays.pdf.
[36] Eruvin 13b.
[37] Sefer Otzar Kol Minhagei Yeshurun.
[38] Arugot Habosem 215; Minhag Yisrael Torah, OC 225.
[39] Torat Moshe, Vayeira; Ben Ish Chai, Re’eh 17, both cited in http://www.bknw.org/pafiledb/uploads/Birthdays.pdf
[40] Rivevot Ephraim 4:240; Ketav Sofer, YD 148; Ben Ish Chai, Vayera 17, cited in Minhag Yisrael Torah, OC 225.
[41] Hegyonei Haparasha, Veyeishev; Hakatan V'hilchotav 84
[42] Ginzei Yosef 1:4:2; Chavot Yair 70.
[43] Rosh Hashana 11a.